This often involved using the appropriate alphabet from the original language, and removing false line breaks, hyphens, and unnecessary spaces.
The extra time required to translate the other articles consisted mainly of iteratively copying blocks of text (paragraphs or columns) from the article into the Google Translate Web site and then copying the translated text into Word documents. However, the ease of translation was largely related to the file and text types used by the journals and whether Google Translate could read these directly or not. These texts were then copied to Word documents after translation. In general, the European- and Japanese-language articles could be translated automatically from their PDF or HTML files. She had oversight and assistance from the director of the EPC she was affiliated with. The medical resident with no prior systematic review experience extracted 10 original language articles. Nine investigators judged that they have a lot of comfort with the Cochrane risk of bias questions, 4 had moderate comfort, 1 had little comfort, and 1 had no experience with assessing risk of bias. Eight investigators have extracted more than 100 studies, 4 have extracted 51 to 100 studies, and 3 have extracted 50 or fewer articles.
Six of the investigators have participated in more than 20 systematic reviews, 1 has participated in 11 to 20 reviews, 5 in 6 to 10 reviews, and 3 in 5 or fewer reviews. The median duration of experience with data extraction was 5 years, with 4 extractors having 10 to 14 years of experience, and 4 having less than 1 year of experience. (or both) researchers, 2 are research associates (or equivalent), and 2 are medical residents with research experience. Among the 15 investigators who extracted data from original language articles (10 investigators) and translated and English articles (9 investigators), 11 are M.D.
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